Heuristics

Heuristics are general methods to solve problems that utilize principles or "rules of thumb" that often lead to a solution (Anderson, 1990)

For example, Polya (1945/1957) gives a list of mental operations used in problem solving:
 * Understand the problem
 * Devise a plan
 * Carry out the plan
 * Look back

Bransford and Stein (1984) gave a similar set of heuristics referred to as IDEAL:
 * Identify the problem
 * Define and represent the problem
 * Explore possible strategies
 * Act on the strategies
 * Look back and evaluate the effects of your activities

Metacognition is present in other heuristic processes.

Taken from:

Schunk, Dale. (2008) //Learning Theories: An Educational Perspective.// Upper Saddle River: Pearson Merril Prentice Hall. 199.