Knowledge

__**Types of Knowledge**__ [Alexander, Patricia A., Schallert, Diane L., Hare, Victoria C. //Coming to Terms: How Researchers in Learning and Literacy talk about Knowledge// (1991)]


 * Conceptual Knowledge**: The knowledge of ideas and facts, with the ability to express that knowledge to others

- **Content Knowledge**: The knowledge of the world around us (whether physical, social or mental). Can be very general. - **Domain Knowledge**: A more formal way of understanding a subject area, usually sought through education or experimentation. -- **Discipline Knowledge**: The highest level of understanding a subject area, a professional.

- **Discourse Knowledge**: The knowledge of language and its uses. - **Syntactic Knowledge**: Combining words together to form a coherent thought, or sentences. - **Text-structure Knowledge** Understanding the forms or frames of expository texts. Conception of how units larger than sentences are combined or related. - **Rhetorical Knowledge (Schemata)**: Knowledge of the audience and what form of communication should be used.

- **Word Knowledge**: Vocabulary and the concepts behind them. Labeling a word falls under discourse knowledge, whereas the concept behind a word falls under content knowledge.


 * Metacognitive Knowledge**: Knowledge of the psychological processes when interacting with the world

- **Knowledge of Plans and Goals** - **Strategic Knowledge** -- **Metacognitive Strategy Knowledge**

- **Task Knowledge**: Knowledge of how tasks we encounter compare to previously encountered tasks (easier/harder)

- **Self (Person) Knowledge**: Knowledge of ourselves. Knowledge of how well we perform in certain situations, or how we compare to others.


 * Conditional Knowledge**
 * Construction**
 * Declarative Knowledge**
 * Explicit Knowledge**
 * Instantiation**
 * Prior Knowledge**
 * Procedural Knowledge**
 * Tacit Knowledge**
 * Textbase**
 * Topic Knowledge**


 * Quotes from Day 1 of class 2010:**

"I know 2+2 = 4 (fact); I know how to add (skill)" [what does it mean to know how to add, know the algorithm?] "To know something is to feel like you have a good understanding of a concept and that you can apply it. Knowing something is different from memorizing it." "To know something is when an individual can connect the information to other pre-existing information or organize the information in their head." "To be able to verbally (oral/written) or physically repeat information or actions." "To know something is to be able to recall it, perform it, or exhibit it because you have seen it or done it before; or have been exposed to it by other means - reading, observing, listening. (i.e. I know that Miss Mexico won Miss Universe or I know how to swim.)

From the Lave and Wenger rea ding: Knowing is "by specific people in a specific circumstance" (p. 52). Knowing is more on an individual basis and may be situation specific. KNOWING is "regular patterns in someone's participation in interactions with other people and with material and representational systems (Greeno 1997)." - Greeno says that the term "knowledge" is misleading when thinking about learning from a situative perspective because it implies "something like a substance or structure to the knower. (Greeno, 1997, p11)"

The constructivist position on knowledge, it is “not transmitted directly from one knower to another, but is actively built up by the learner” (Driver, Asoko, Leach, Mortimer, & Scott, 2004, p. 5)