Distributed+expertise

Distributed Expertise - similar to distributed intelligence, but only focuses on the direct use of other people for knowledge (does not take into account knowledge residing in tools). No student has the complete "set of answers" but this knowledge is available, through that student, to be shared with the rest of the learning community. There are several strategies teachers can use to promote distributed expertise: collaborative learning, jigsaw and reciprocal teaching (pg. 201) which promotes this idea. These practices involves students becoming "experts" in a narrow field encompassed in a larger topic.

Reciprocal teaching is a method of enhancing reading comprehension. The teacher and group of students take turns leading a discussion. Through this discussion, it helps students learn how to do the following: question, clarify, summarize, and predict.

Jigsaw is then students are assigned parts of a classroom topic to learn and subsequently teach the other students.

The use of "outside" experts such as scientists and other researchers for expertise is also an important element. (Brown et al. 1993)